A previous article on jitter (Synch and clock recovery – an analog guru looks at jitter) defined jitter and its various sub-components. The purpose of this note is to answer the question, “So now that ...

This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. The bit error ratio (BER) is defined as the probability that a bit is received in ...

Subscribe here to receive similar articles over e-mail whenever Krishna Pillai publishes an article on his site. The article compares various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, PAM, 16PSK, ...

Traditionally, the main objective of cryptography has been to protect communication from the prying eyes of an eavesdropper. Yet, with the advent of modern communications new cryptographic challenges ...